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[摘要]聖誕節是西方的傳統節日，各國人民在這天都會用自己的方式慶祝聖誕節。你想到知道波蘭、奧地利這些國傢是如何慶祝聖誕的嗎？非常具有他們民族的特色哦，快來看看吧。
Most of you are familiar with American, Canadian and English Christmas customs, which are largely the same, including Santa bringing presents that sit below a lit up tree. But have you ever wondered just how Christmas is celebrated in China, or in Finland? Whether you’re just interested in learning more about other cultures or want to incorporate some new traditions into your holiday celebrations, this article is filled with all you need to know about international Christmases.
大多數人對英美加這些國傢如何過聖誕都很熟悉。它們的聖誕習俗大同小異，包括聖誕老人在點亮的聖誕樹下放上禮物。但是你曾想過波蘭、奧地利這些國傢是如何慶祝聖誕的嗎？不管你是有興趣瞭解其他文化，還是想為自己的聖誕慶祝添點新花樣，這篇文章將給你所有“必知”的不同國傢的聖誕知識。
Poland
波蘭
For Poles, Christmas Eve is a night of magic when animals are said to talk and people have the power topredict the future. It’s a time for families to gather and reconcile any differences, and to remember loved ones who have gone before them.
對於波蘭人來說，平安夜是充滿魔力的一夜。據說動物在這一夜可以與人說話，而人有預測未來的能力。傢人們會在平安夜團聚一堂，調和矛盾，並懷念過世的親人。
Wigilia (vee-GEEL-yah), which literally means "vigil," or waiting for the birth of Baby Jesus, is considered more important than Christmas Day itself.
對波蘭人來說，“守夜”或“等待嬰孩耶穌的誕生”（Wigilia）比聖誕節那一天更重要。
Wigilia is a meatless meal because, years ago, Roman Catholics fasted for the four weeks of Advent, including Christmas Eve. In the past there were thirteen main dishes (representing the Apostles and Christ), but, these days, many families have replaced this tradition with a twelve-fruit compote for dessert.
“守夜”晚餐是素食，因為多年前，羅馬天主教徒在降臨節四周一直到平安夜都齋戒。過去晚餐有13道主菜（代表耶穌和他的使徒）。但是如今許多傢庭轉而選擇12樣水果的果盤甜點。
The foods are to represent the four corners of the earth -- mushrooms from the forest, grain from the fields, fruit from the orchards, and fish from the lakes and sea.
食物代表地球的天涯海角 蘑菇來自於森林，谷物來自於田地，水果來自於果園，而魚來自於湖海。
Meals vary from family to family but usually include a special soup followed by many elegant fish preparations, vegetables, and pierogi.
每傢的飯菜都不同，但通常都包括一種特制的湯，還有許多精致的魚肉餐、美國商標分類蔬菜和半圓形小酥餅。
Czech Republic
捷克共和國
The Czech version of Saint Nick is known as Svaty Mikulas, who is said to climb down to Earth from the heavens using a golden rope. Mikulas is accompanied by an angel and a devil who help him decide which girls and boys deserve treats and toys, and which ones deserve a swatch.
捷克人稱聖誕老人為“米庫拉斯”（Svaty Mikulas）。據說他用一根金繩從天堂爬到瞭大地。陪在他身邊的是一位天使和一位惡魔。他們倆決定哪些男孩女孩值得得到美食和玩具而哪些孩子該被鞭打一頓。
There are a lot of fortune-telling traditions that are associated with Christmas as well. One involves a family member cutting a branch from a cherry tree and putting it inside in water. If it blooms in time for Christmas it is good luck. It also may represent that the winter will be short, or if a single woman picked the branch, it could mean she will get married in the next year.
聖誕節也有一些算命的習俗。其中有一個是傢庭成員從櫻桃樹上砍下一根樹枝並把它放入水中。如果它在聖誕節開瞭花，就表示好運。它也代表冬季會很短。倘若一位單身女子撿到瞭這根樹枝，這表示她在明年將會結婚。
On Christmas Eve, single woman also try to see if they will get married in the next year by standing outside with their back to their front door, removing one of their shoes and throwing it over their shoulder. If the shoe lands with the toe facing the door, then she will marry in the next year. If not, she will have to wait at least another 12 months.
在平安夜，單身女子還會通過“扔鞋子”來測試自己明年是否會結婚。她們在屋外背對前門站著，脫下一隻鞋，把它從肩上向後扔。如果鞋子落地時鞋頭朝門，這就表示她們明年將會結婚。如果鞋子鞋尾朝門，她們就得再等個一年瞭。
Austria
奧地利
Austrian children still get to celebrate the arrival of Ol’ Saint Nick, but they also have to brace themselves for the arrival of his evil counterpart, Krampus. Where Saint Nicholas rewards good behavior with treats and toys on December 6, the demonic Krampus arrives on December 5, looking to punish all the bad children. His weapons of choice are birch switches to beat children with and burlap sacks to kidnap them and throw them into the river. The worst part is that local men actually dress up like Krampus (just like many men dress up as Santa in America) and terrorize the streets. In some villages, kids are even made to run what is known as a Krampus-gauntlet, in an attempt to outrun the switches.
奧地利的孩子們慶祝聖誕老人的到來，但同時他們也得迎來邪惡的克拉普斯（Krampus）。聖誕老人在12月6號給表現好的孩子送美食、發玩具。而惡魔般的克拉普斯5號就到瞭，意在懲罰所有的壞孩子。他把樺樹枝做的鞭子當武器，還用粗麻袋綁架他們，把他們扔到河裡。最糟糕的是，當地的男士會打扮的像克拉普斯（就像許多美國人打扮的像聖誕老人一樣），在街上嚇唬小孩子。在很多村莊裡，很多小孩子甚至必須接受“克拉普斯大挑戰”，他們努力比克拉普斯的鞭子跑得更快。
France
法國
Children of East France have an evil visitor to keep them behaving all year long. Le Pere Fouettard, which translates into “The Whipping Father,” accompanies Saint Nicolas in on December 6. While St. Nick gives good children presents, Le Pere Fouettard gives coal and whippings to the naughty children.
法國東部的孩子們有個邪惡的造訪者，他叫“鞭子老爹”（Le Pere Fouettard），確保孩子們一整年都表現乖巧。聖誕老人12月6號給孩子分發禮物時，他也陪伴左右。“鞭子老爹”會給淘氣的孩子煤塊和一頓鞭子。
One of the most popular origin stories of the character say that he was a greedy inn keeper who killed three rich boys on their way to boarding school. In many versions of the story, he even eats the children. Whether or not he cannibalizes the boys, the story ends when Saint Nick finds out and resurrects the children and forces Le Pere Fouettard to act as his servant throughout time.
關於“鞭子老爹”這個人物的起源，最流行的一個版本是說，他是一個貪婪的旅館老板，在三個富男孩上學路上把他們殺瞭。很多其他版本甚至流傳他吃小孩。故事的結局是聖誕老人找到並救出瞭孩子們，還迫使“鞭子老爹”永世做他的仆人。
Aside from The Whipping Father, another popular French tradition involves making a cake that looks like a traditional Yule log, known as buche de Noel. Christmas trees never really caught on in the country and while most people don’t have any use for an actual Yule log, the cake is a fun and festive substitute. Some of the buche de Nol can get fairly elaborate and even invol美國商標類別ve meringue mushrooms and edible flower decorations.
除瞭“鞭子老爹”的故事，法國聖誕還有一個傳統是做“聖誕柴蛋糕”。其實聖誕樹從未風靡全法國。雖然聖誕柴對法國人來說沒什麼實際用途，但這個蛋糕代表瞭人們的愉快和節日的喜慶。有些“聖誕柴蛋糕”做得相當精致，甚至有蛋白酥皮小蘑菇和能吃的花朵裝飾品。
Germany
德國
Belsnickel is the German Santa’s dark enforcer, but he’s not nearly as evil as Krumpus or The Whipping Father. Instead he just wears fur from head to toe and gives good girls and boys candy and bad children coal and switches.
貝爾森克（Belsnickel）是德國聖誕老人的懲罰執行者，但他沒克拉普斯或鞭子老爹那麼邪惡。他從頭到腳穿著毛皮，給好孩子們發糖果，給壞孩子們煤塊和一頓鞭子。
Many are decorated with a wreath known as an “Adventskranz.” These wreaths have four candles which serve as a sort of weekly advent calendar, as each Sunday marks the opportunity to light a new candle.
許多地方都裝飾有“降臨節花環”（Adventskranz）。花環上有四隻蠟燭，代表著降臨節周歷。每周日都點燃一隻蠟燭。四隻都被點燃時就意味著聖誕節到瞭。
On December 21, St. Thomas Day is believed to be the shortest day of the year and anyone who arrives late to work is called a “Thomas Donkey.” They are also given a cardboard donkey and made fun of throughout the rest of the day.
12月21日是“聖 托馬斯日”（St. Thomas Day），據說是一年中最短的一天。任何在這一天上班遲到的人都被叫做“托馬斯驢子”，他們還會收到一個紙板做的驢子，並且被嘲笑一整天。
Like many places in Europe, the Christmas tree is kept secret from the children until Christmas Eve. The parents bring the tree in, decorate it with candies, tinsel, lights and toys, put presents and plates of candy treats under the tree and then ring a bell signaling that the children can enter. The children then get to eat snacks and the whole family opens presents.
跟歐洲許多地方一樣，在德國，聖誕樹直到平安夜才能讓孩子們看到。父母們把聖誕樹拉出來，裝飾上蠟燭、金屬亮片、彩燈和玩具，把禮物和一碟碟的糖果放在樹下，然後搖一下鈴，表示孩子們可以進來瞭。小孩子們便可以吃小吃，全傢一起打開禮物。
Greece
希臘
Residents will fill a shallow bowl with water and then tie wire with a wooden cross and a sprig of basil over the bowl. Once a day the cross and basil are dipped into holy water, which is then sprinkled through the house. This ceremony is used to keep out goblins, known as Killikantzaroi out of the house.
希臘人會將一隻淺碗灌滿水，然後用金屬絲把一個木制十字架和羅勒小枝系在碗上。每天都要把十字架和羅勒枝浸到聖水中，然後滿屋撒聖水。這個禮節是用來防止小妖精（Killikantzaroi）進屋。
These mischievous goblins that come from the center of the earth only appear during the twelve days of Christmas. While bratty, they’re not really evil and tend to do bratty things like souring milk and extinguishing fires. Because they are said to enter the house through the fireplace, fires are left burning all day and night during this time of year.
這些愛惡作劇的小妖精來自地球的中心，隻在聖誕這十二天出現。它們雖然討厭，但不是真正的惡魔，隻是會做討厭的事情，例如撒出牛奶和熄滅爐火。據說它們是從房子的壁爐進來的，因此希臘人在聖誕期間白天和夜晚都會燃著爐火。
Iceland
冰島
Icelandic children were once told to behave or they would be eaten by a pair of ogres that lived up in the hills. The characters were considered to be so terrifying that a public decree banned the use of these stories to scare children into behaving.
冰島的孩子們曾經被告知，如果表現不好就會被住在山上的食人魔夫婦吃掉。由於“食人魔”形象太過恐怖，冰島頒佈瞭一項公開法令，禁止用這個故事來嚇唬不聽話的小孩子。
Instead of talking about the ogre couple, parents instead started telling stories of the ogre’s children, the Jolasveinar, who are bad, but not nearly as evil as their parents. Jolasveinars were originally said to play tricks on people and steal food, but now they are responsible for giving gifts to children. Bad children don’t get presents though, they get potatoes or other items that remind them that they weren’t forgotten, but don’t deserve real presents.
父母們不再講食人魔夫婦，轉而講他們倆的孩子（Jolasveinar）。食人魔小孩很壞，但不像他的爸媽那樣邪惡。據說食人魔小孩經常捉弄人們，還偷食物。但他們現在負責給孩子們發禮物。壞孩子們雖然得不到禮物，但他們得到土豆或者其他物品，這是用來告訴他們，他們沒被遺忘，但不值得得到真正的禮物。
Italy
意大利
In Italy, there is no Santa, but instead there a woman called a Befana that performs the general duties of Saint Nick. The story is that the three wise men stopped during their travels and asked a woman for food and shelter. She said no, but later realized her mistake when it was too late. She now travels the earth looking for the baby Jesus and on January 6th, she leaves kids a sock filled with candy or a lump of coal.
意大利沒有聖誕老人，但有一個叫貝法娜（Befana）的女巫，她履行聖誕老人一般的職責。據說從前有三位智者在旅行中請求一位女士給些吃的，並能讓他們留宿，但女士拒絕瞭。她接著意識到瞭自己的錯誤，但這已經太晚瞭。如今她環遊全球，尋找嬰孩時的耶穌，並會在1月6號給孩子們留下裝滿糖果或煤塊的襪子。
外語
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上期答題獲獎者：QQ3226635630
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